by Geoffrey Carpentier It’s not hard to imagine why we might be speaking about forest fires right now. Our skies are clouded with smoke which has travelled thousands of kilometres, homesteads in the north are gone or threatened and people displaced to cities and towns far from home. I think we understand why our skies are smoke filled, as it’s relatively simple – lots of fires, lots of smoke and winds which have driven them both towards us. The other day, as my wife and I sto

by Geoffrey Carpentier I remember, as a kid, spending countless summer hours fishing and enjoying nature. One thing I recall encountering, with some frequency, were the dark black mussel shells which littered the lake and river bottom, once the living organism inside had died. They were simply a curiosity to me, and a hindrance at the time, as I often cut my foot on their sharp edges. Many years later, as I revisit some of my childhood memories, I now wonder how these animals

by Geoffrey Carpentier Wind turbines have become one of the most visible symbols of the clean energy transition, worldwide, with the goal of shifting away from fossil fuels and toward a low carbon future. Still, wind turbines can have significant negative environmental impacts. For many people, these turbines raise a troubling question: What about the impacts on birds and bats? Wind power and wildlife conservation are often portrayed as opposing forces, since migration patter

by Geoffrey Carpentier I had the good fortune to spend much of the winter in very tropical areas, with daytime temperatures often well into the high 30s. Arriving home, I was anxious for a different kind of warm though. I longed for the wonderful spring temperatures I grew up with, cool nights and lovely warm summery days. Well, it seems for 2026, at least, that didn’t happen. On May 21st, we had frost warnings, not unheard of but, certainly not anticipated nor welcome! My bi

by Geoffrey Carpentier It’s May, and most of our migrants are back already, setting up territories, finding mates and getting ready to start the next generation of their species. Many of our migrants, most in fact, spend the winter in South and Central America and make the perilous journey, twice annually, north to south then back again in the autumn. With their return each spring, they do bring joy and colour to our lives, after we’ve enjoyed (?) our own, long cold winters.

by Geoffrey Carpentier Without any exaggeration, our birds and many other wild things are under siege and face a battle they really can’t win, without help. Sounds gloomy? Well, it actually is! Canada’s wild landscapes, from the Arctic tundra to the temperate rainforests of British Columbia, to our own Great Lakes and the vibrant rocky eastern coast, serve as a critical nursery for billions of birds. Over 450 species of birds call Canada home, for at least part of the year, a

By Geoff Carpentier Each spring, as the snow melts and seasonal rains soak the landscape, shallow pools appear in depressions, within forests and meadows. These short-lived waters, known as vernal ponds, may last only a few weeks or months. Yet during their brief lives, they become some of the most biologically productive and important habitats in temperate ecosystems. Vernal ponds are seasonal wetlands which typically appear in late winter or early spring and dry up by mid t

by Geoffrey Carpentier A few years ago, a cloud was just that, a cloud. Now it seems it’s actually a remote computer which mysteriously stores any information I wish to entrust to it. While we may not understand it, if you’ve ever saved a photo to ‘the cloud,’ streamed a movie on Netflix, or backed up your phone, you’ve used the ‘cloud.’ The term sounds nebulous and abstract, as if your data floats somewhere above the Earth, but in reality, the cloud is firmly grounded in bui

by Geoffrey Carpentier As the cold of winter slowly abandons our landscape, something exciting is happening. Although unseen, we can enjoy the pleasure and taste of this annual event for months afterward. The sap is running, and so begins the task of making Canada’s famous maple syrup! Beginning as a clear, slightly sweet sap from the sugar maple, weather, patience and time, and generations of practice are needed to ensure the maple syrup is perfect! From late February to ear

by Geoffrey Carpentier A late winter forest can feel quiet on the surface, but if you pause beside a patch of softening snow, the season reveals a world which is anything but still. As the sun climbs higher and the snowpack thins, life begins to stir in places most of us never think to look. This is the moment when winter’s “sleepers,” and “movers” begin to reappear. These are creatures which have spent months tucked beneath the snow, waiting for the first hints of warmth t

by Geoffrey Carpentier Well, even though the days are marginally longer now, the sky still seems dark and foreboding. In the summer, clouds seem to vary in shape, size and colour, but in winter they often seem to be just dark, grey and gloomy. Let’s explore these clouds a bit and see if we can understand them a little better. Clouds are made up of water droplets or ice crystals which are so light they defy gravity. So, how did they form in the first place and how did they rea

by Geoffrey Carpentier The idea of animals being spies in our midst is not a new phenomenon. Historically, we used animals for varying purposes, mostly functional, such as beasts of burden, but over time we realized they could be used for other purposes. For example, during WWII, carrier pigeons were used to deliver messages to and from the front lines, to help the Allies. During the Cold War, the CIA developed small cameras which were strapped to homing pigeons. As the birds

by Geoffrey Carpentier I must admit, sometimes I just wonder why things are as they are. Case in point, it’s winter and cold outside. But as I stand near the window, with the sun beaming in, I feel warm, yet when I touch the window, it’s still cold. How can that be? Even though the air may be frigid outside, somehow the sun is clearly heating the window, and its heat is being transferred through the glass to make me warm and cozy. I thought I might explore this and find out w

by Geoffrey Carpentier Animal mimicry, an important adaptation which many animals employ, to lure prey or survive predators, is an adaptation where one species resembles another organism to gain a survival advantage. Mimicry can manifest itself in many ways, through physical or behavioural means. It can be Batesian - a distasteful or dangerous model is mimicked by a harmless one, to fool predators. For example, a Viceroy Butterfly may mimic a Monarch (which is distasteful) an

by Geoffrey Carpentier Throughout history, people offered the unsuspecting public snake oil – a cure-all for everything from childbirth to hemorrhoids to cancer. These elixirs contained no snake byproducts and certainly no snake oil - whatever that is? The concept arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, when travelling salesmen mixed up ‘secret’ blends of unspecified products and claimed they were proven to cure myriad ailments. Hogwash! Many stories persist about traditional m

by Geoffrey Carpentier In the last few columns, we explored the lives of some of the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and how they catch and consume their prey. So now let’s focus on some smaller critters and see what techniques they utilize to capture and subdue prey. In higher animals, mandibles refer to both the upper and lower jaw, but in insects, these structures refer to the lower part of the mouth only. Mandibles in insects are pairs of hardened structures that

by Geoffrey Carpentier Let’s move on to an easy one, mammals. Wait, not so easy, as some mammals are herbivores, others carnivores, and still others are omnivores! All animals have a mouth which opens wide and has teeth, right? Nope, baleen whales and some other marine mammals do not have teeth but rather have baleen plates. These act like a huge comb which filters food out of a column of water, trapping the prey behind the jaws, so it can be swallowed whole, while water is d

by Geoffrey Carpentier Last time, I explored the reptiles and amphibians, to determine how they use their jaws and teeth (or non-teeth) to capture or harvest food. Today, we’ll look more closely at birds and how they use their beaks to hunt and eat. All birds have beaks – this is indisputable, but the size, structure, shape and use of them varies considerably between groups of birds. Beaks come in many forms: hooked or curved, cone-shaped, needle-like, spatulate and even cros

by Geoffrey Carpentier In the last column, we explored the lives of some amphibians and discovered they use a variety of techniques to...

by Geoffrey Carpentier The observant, amongst you, will notice, as I continue the discussion of animals’ mouths and jaws, I cleverly...